Children With Mental Illness Fountain House - 942 Words

The first Clubhouse was Fountain House, which started in New York in 1948 with the idea that people with mental illness can effectively take part in their own recovery (The Fountain House, n.d.). Former patients of Rockland State Hospital, a psychiatric hospital in New York, began a self-help group and then formed WAWA (We Are Not Alone) (The Fountain House, n.d.). We Are Not Alone held the first official meeting at the Third Street YMCA in Manhattan. It started out as a support system for people with mental disorders, but did not include treatment programs or therapy. With aid from supporters, they bought a building on West 47th street in New York City. The fountain in the garden encouraged the name â€Å"Fountain House† (The Fountain House, n.d.). This Clubhouse model is replicated all over the world because it conveys belonging, involvement, and connection (Clubhouse International, n.d.). The original model became a local community center for people over the age of eighteen with mental illness. Its goal was and still is for people with mental ailments to reach their full potential (The Fountain House, n.d.). Membership is open to anyone who has a history of mental illness. Being a member of Fountain House helps people feel like they belong and are always welcomed. Also, members have a stake in the organization and they work together to meet a shared goal (Clubhouse International, n.d.). In particular, the clubhouse standard proves that people with mental healthShow MoreRelated Dorothea Dix Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesfurnished it, and turned it into a school for children (Thinkquest, 5). At the age of seventeen, her grandmother sent her a correspondence, and requested her to come back to Boston with her brother (Thinkquest, 6). When she returned to Boston, she asked her grandmother if she could start another school in her grandmother’s dining room. After a bit of opposition, her grandmother agreed (Compton’s, 1). There, she taught until 1835, when illness from Tuberculosis and exhaustion set in. AfterRead More Dorothea Dix Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pageswrote children’s books, she was a school teacher, and she helped reform in prisons. Some of her most notable work was in the field of making mental health institutions a better place for the patients that lived in them. Dorothea Dix gave a great deal to humanity and her achievements are still being felt today, especially in the treatment of those with mental disabilities. Dix started out though with very humble beginnings. Dorothea Dix was born in Hampden, Maine in 1802. Her mother was not veryRead MoreThe Institute Of Advanced Studies Essay2258 Words   |  10 PagesThe Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) is a non-profit mental health organization that was founded in 1987 and has been providing services to various cities in Southern California for individual, couple’s, child, and family therapy. IAS also provides training and experience for mental health care professionals, including Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT), Psychologists, and Social Workers (SW). IAS provides a low- cost alternative for those in need of counseling and support services. There isRead MoreDiscrimination and Prejudice in United States History2772 Words   |  12 Pagesmuch of destructive attitudes and segregation were toward people or color, some negativity toward whites was also heard of but not as common. During this era in the southern states, African-American people had to use dissimilar bathrooms, drinking foun tains, attend different churches, and separate schools. The prejudice encountered by African-Americans exposed this problem to society. There were many accounts of violent acts toward African-American impoverished people. Some white people thought African-AmericansRead MoreOne of the Seven Modern Wonders of the World, Machu Picchu Essay1888 Words   |  8 Pages1,000 inhabitants and strangely there were only about 200 - 250 skeletons found. (Rediscover Machu Picchu) Construction They city of Machu Picchu is made up of about 140 buildings, most of which are houses, yet there are some temples, water fountains, food deposits, a guard house, and even a prison. The city was built using the dry stone technique, which means no mortar was used. â€Å"Some of the bricks are so tightly put together that one cannot even put a knife between them.† (RediscoverRead More Poor Parents Must Educate Their Children Essay4226 Words   |  17 Pagesinto this connection: intimidation the parents feel, expectations put on the child, parent employment, location and condition of the school, and health issues. Unfortunately, all of these issues mean that children in poverty are on an unequal plane when it comes to education, compared to children in higher classes of socio-economic status. Lord Acton wrote of the United States over 140 years ago, â€Å"In a country where there is no distinction of class, a child is not born to the station of its parentsRead MoreReconstruct ion Of The National Authority2876 Words   |  12 PagesAndrew Johnson vetoed both of these acts, but Congress overrode his veto both times. During the process of Reconstruction, the African Americans made many accomplishments. There were two blacks in the Senate, fourteen blacks in the United States House, and more than six hundred black state legislatures. Hiram Revels was the first African American to be a member of Congress and he served in the Senate from 1870 to 1871. (Fitzgerald 41) Former slaves were exercising their new rights and some wereRead MoreSituational Analysis and Action Plan2687 Words   |  11 Pagessites throughout Minnesota also assists individuals getting back into competitive work by job coaching, assists individuals with Traumatic Brain Injuries, and individuals with Mental Illness. Rise was created by a group of parents in the Anoka, MN area who wanted to have a better, more productive program for their children with disabilities rather than the sheltered workshops that were already in service. Throughout the long struggle they incorporated Rise in 1971 and has branched off from workingRead MoreThe For Helping Others With The End Game Of Jumping9894 Words   |  40 PagesI. Introduction The passion for helping others with the end game of jumping the hurtles presented by mental illness and the ability to live a more meaningful life often leads individuals to pursue the helping professions. While enhancing functionality and overall lives is what clinicians often want for their clients, complications in the profession such as services impacted by burnout in clinicians, bureaucracy and associated limits/barriers to treatment provision, lack of funding for essentialRead MorePoems: City Planners15330 Words   |  62 Pagesexperience of cities is one that we can all relate to and share. Her attitude - and the narratorial tone of the poem - seems negative. She uses words like ‘offends us’, ‘discouraged’, ‘avoidance’, ‘sickness lingering’, including the semantic field of illness. These seem mostly quiet, and passive, but as the poem progresses, she shifts into a more violent tone, with ‘hysteria’, ‘brui se’, ‘vicious’, ‘capsized’, and ‘insane’. How the TONE of the second poem is different to the first: In contrast, the

A Brief Note On Niger And Gender Inequality - 1554 Words

Thanisha Germain AAD 105 D001 Professor Lekan May 29th 2016 Niger and Gender Inequality Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences (Gendered Lives, 2005). (1) Niger is currently ranked at 187 in the United Nation Human Development Index. Niger has a total land area of 490,000 square miles or 1,267,000 square kilometers. Niger ended 2014 with a population of 19,113,728 people, which represents an increase of 754,865 people compared to 2013, and the population index has yet to be updated to present date and time of 2016. French is the official language of Niger. Hausa is spoken by seventy percent of the population. Seventy percent of the population are under forty years’ old which is a quite young population. School enrolment rates are only twenty-two percent and the adult literacy rate is a meagre twelve percent. The currency of the country is 2,370 billion US dollars. Eighty-five percent of the population is involved in agriculture livestock. Niger is the fourth largest producer of uranium in the world. Animal breeding is the most important activity for the nomadic people of Niger. Roughly 400,000 square kilometers of Niger is covered by desert, mainly the Sahara. The southern part of the country is the most developed and considered the most productive orShow MoreRelatedWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pagesthe process of creating the empire was quicker, though it was no less reliant on military force and no less brutal than the centuries-long Roman effort. †¢ Unlike Rome’s transition from republic to empire, the creation of the Chinese empire had only brief and superficial domestic repercussions. 7. In comparing the Roman and Chinese empires, which do you find more striking—their similarities or their differences? †¢ The Roman and Chinese empires shared many common features, though they did also differRead MoreThe Nigerian Stock Market and Its Impact on the Economy9899 Words   |  40 Pagesdifficult for the private sector to deliver on these objectives if Nigeria enterprises are not well funded or have easier access to funds locally, and if the current burden of harsh operating environment is not urgently addressed.† It will be pertinent to note here that Nigeria has been far from consistent in her economic policies and approaches to developing the country. According to Afolabi Adedeji: â€Å"We have at different times tried government owned enterprises, import licensing, backward integrationRead MoreCOM3702 Portfolio10930 Words   |  44 Pageshas far-reaching implications for the freedom of speech which journalists currently enjoy. Some critics argue that South Africa has regressed in this regard: during apartheid the state controlled and regulated the press, which was then followed by a brief period of press freedom but now regulatory consideration seems to be turning back towards state regulation. 2.1.2 Public service media policy. After World War Two, communications policy was influenced by socio-political rather than economic or nationalRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesEthos of Rastafari: Structure, Ideology, and Ritual 5. â€Å"Coming in from the Cold†: Rastafari and the Wider Society 6. Rastafari Rules: Bearers of Jamaican Popular Culture 7. Summary and Conclusions Appendix: A Review of the Literature on Rastafari Notes Selected Bibliography Index 3 7 29 41 67 79 97 117 127 141 171 185 This page intentionally left blank Rastafari This page intentionally left blank Introduction Since its emergence among the poor in Jamaica in the earlyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Smith’s fully global perspectives make clear that even though gender parity has rarely been attained in any society and there have been major setbacks or few advances in INTRODUCTION †¢ 5 many countries, the position of women worldwide has improved dramatically and has very often empowered a substantial portion of humanity in ways that would have been unthinkable a century ago. Jean Quataert’s contribution to gender shifts in the twentieth century focuses more narrowly on the variable

House of Payne Free Essays

SM Family Television Review The comedy show that my family and I enjoy watching is House of Payne, which airs on TBS every Friday at 8pm. â€Å"The Paynes are three generations living under one roof. The story begins when CJ and his family move into the house of his aunt and uncle, a fact that no one is really happy about. We will write a custom essay sample on House of Payne or any similar topic only for you Order Now CJ has two children, and his aunt and uncle have very different ideas about raising kids. I think a lot of people will be able to relate to the Paynes†. (http://www. tbs. com/stories/story/0,, 107846,00. html). The show is based off real life issues that everyday families experience such as, drug addiction, teen pregnancy, sex, marriage, morals and values, and most of all trust. As, a 23 year old, mother, student, wife, daughter etc, I was able to quickly relate to a few things in the show. This family did impact my life on what family really was because, I always have been the one to just think of my immediate (Mom, Dad, Brothers, Grandma) when I heard the word family. Now, that things have been introduced to me from different perspective, I am now able to fully understand what family is all about. I realize that when I have no one else to count on, that my family is the last hope I have, and also understand that sometimes I may have disagreements with relatives, but its ok because as long as there is communication, nothing is to hard to overcome, All of these things are key points that House of Payne focus on. After watching this show consistently, it has had a very positive impact on me, my family, my marriage and my ability to raise my children at such a young age. Although, these actors, and actresses are acting, they are real people and majority are related, such as the main characters, Cassi and Lavan Davis, who are husband and wife in real life. I enjoy watch the way the reveal each message because they all have a valuable lesson that I learn. This television series is a Christian based show, so I think that is the reason I enjoy watching it so much. It is interesting because some days, I may feel at my worst and watching this show can easily be a inspiration to me. Expressing my feelings and saying how I felt have, also been another issue I’ve had problems with, and it also have taught me this as well. I believe that even a non-believer would enjoy watching this show because again, it’s real people, and they to know what it’s like to face certain situations. I feel that I can somewhat relate to this show because again, I am a young mother, married with children, living day by day , focusing on doing the right thing, despite what I see and hear around me. And sometimes, whether you’re old or young, this can be a challenge. House of Payne have messages for all ages, and they are very powerful messages! How to cite House of Payne, Papers

Developing Professional Practice Essay Example For Students

ï » ¿Developing Professional Practice Essay What is the CIPD and what does it give to an HR professional? It goes without saying that the advancement of the professional pattern is grounded in  learning, that becomes  popular today in all spheres and professional areas. If you want to have access to the most modern international practices, CIPD is ready to help you. In addition, if you need to write an essay or any other type of assignment for developing professional practice, you can find some useful material in this article. The HR manager  occupation  is actively developing.  Numerous  companies are interested in having a  specialist, who will be an HR business partner and acquire an essential  influence on the  enhancement of the whole career. To make this quality transition, PwC together with the British CIPD Association provides training for HR and LD directors, managers and HR managers, and consultants. An example of such joint programs is the worldwide degree  certificate for specialists in human resource management CHRP. Nowadays, CIPD  is the most authoritative qualifying organization of the theoretical and practical essence of the HRM. The organization is the largest professional association of HR-specialists in Europe with more than 140 thousand participants in 120 countries around the world. The goal of the CIPD is the formation of strategic thinking, good knowledge and best practices in the HR profession.  Otherwise speaking, the organization is aimed at extending of career prospects and promoting of new methods of that branch of career. As a professional, you see trends, best practices and their evolution to solve current problems that help you find the â€Å"best option† in all professional areas. In addition to training, CIPD provides the opportunity to join a Professional membership in the organization, that is ranked by levels: associate member – a specialist of this level supports one or several HR functions at a tactical level; chartered member – specialists create and implement policies in all HR areas in accordance with the companys strategy; chartered fellow – the specialist has all needed personal possibilities that determine the development and strategies of HR. The structure and functions of CIPD HR Profession Map. It illustrates how HR can improve the rate of organisation he/she works. Now it is time to speak about another controversial issue. We should mention that HR Profession map  pictures  the professional areas of work specificity.  CIPD HR Profession map comprises two key areas of the profession, like Leading HR and Insights: strategy and solutions. Common knowledge is that the HRM is an essential component of the company achievements. Surfing the Internet, we can come across the fact that such position is new in the worldwide market because the duty of HRM was integrated into different people. Despite that fact, the modern company cannot exist without the person who occupies that position as he/she is the primary source of the new colleagues. It is a high time to speak about the technique that helps coordinate the way HRM works. That system assists in the division of the responsibilities and the main subject of the occupation. Using it the manager can easily control all the aspects of the teamwork. Nowadays, such a technique is highly recommended because it saves time and improves the workflow. HR Profession map sets  the rules for different countries. Its idea  is clear: it covers  ten professional areas and eight behaviours at four bands of competence. From the first band of the novice HR specialist to the fourth band of the HR director who makes decisions at the strategic level. CIPD HR Profession map includes the following behaviors: role model, curiosity, decisive thinker,  ability to influence, to be trusted, cooperation, ability to work on the result and willingness to change.  The organization provides three global certification levels in the CIPD:  intermediate and advanced qualifications. .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 , .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .postImageUrl , .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 , .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4:hover , .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4:visited , .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4:active { border:0!important; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4:active , .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4 .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uade02ec9d9319239c7b0d27cd24971f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Impact of setting on EAP"s House of Usher EssayCIPD HR Profession map is structured in a certain way. It describes the duties of HR-specialist within each professional area being at one or another stage of professional growth.  At the same time, the map of the organisation indicates not only organizational structures and bands of working positions but behavior patterns and elements of its competence. HR Profession map covers the profession of HR along and across: from the smallest to the largest organisations, from basic to the most complex practices, from the local to the global level, from corporations to consulting, from charities to public administration, from traditional to the most progressive companies. HR Profession map is designed to assist in accomplishing the following goals of the organization: definition of effective HRM; diagnosing of professional areas that are most important to achieve HR-success or require improvement; determination of professional qualifications of HR department employees; recognition of achievements through confirmation of professional features and participation in the management of the organism So, the organisation is a professional feature, a space for sharing  practices. The organisation gives the evidence of your credibility and the highest recognition in the HR community as an investment in your career development. HR specialists are certified on the basis of the HR Profession Map.   Due to its relevance, CIPD HR Profession map allows to find out how to act the successful managers that is at the particular level of development.

Personal and Social Identity free essay sample

Personal and Social Identity Research Essay There are many theories which help to understand the various aspects of how a person develops their personal and social sense of self. Two theories of personal development are Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Erik Erikson’s 8 Life Crisis. Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Abraham Maslow started his theory after finding two mentors in New York, and he began to study them and take notes on their behavior, this began his lifelong research about mental health and human potential which led him to create the concepts of the Hierarchy of Needs. This hierarchy of needs includes Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Belongingness and Love Needs, Esteem Needs then Self-Actualization needs. Abraham Maslow made a massive impact on the way society understands human psychology. He was inspired by great minds, and used his brilliant mind to create his own concept of Humanistic Psychology. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal and Social Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He conducted his research on the minds of mentally healthy people instead of mentally ill people; this allowed him to discover that all people experience â€Å"peak experiences†, high points in an individual’s life where they are in harmony with themselves and their surroundings. Maslow felt that human beings have certain basic needs that they must meet before they can go on to fulfill other needs. In order to explain his theory, Maslow created a visual aid which he called the Hierarchy of Needs; it is a pyramid diagram depicting the levels of human needs, psychological and physical. At the bottom of the pyramid are the â€Å"Psychological Needs† of a human being, food and water and even sex. The next level is â€Å"Safety Needs† which are the needs to feel secure, safe and out of danger. After that, there is the â€Å"Belongingness and Love Needs† which is the need to be accepted and belong. Then there is the â€Å"Esteem Needs† level, which is the need to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition. Erik Erikson Erik Erikson was one of the most talented and imaginative of all theorists. Erik Erikson was a Neo-Freudian, which meant he followed Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. While acknowledging Freud’s genius, Erikson challenged Freud’s notion that the personality is established during the first 6 years of life. He said that the personality continues to develop over the entire life cycle. Erikson’s chief concern is with psychosocial development, and he formulated eight major stages of development to interpret his research. Each stage poses a unique developmental task and simultaneously confronts individuals with a crisis that they must struggle through. Erikson states that a crisis is a â€Å"turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential†. According to Erikson, individuals develop a â€Å"healthy personality† by mastering â€Å"life’s outer and inner dangers. As shown in the table below, every individual is confronted in each of Erikson’s eight stages with a major crisis that must be successfully resolved if healthy development is to occur. The interaction that takes place between an individual and society during each stage can change the course of personality in either a positive or a negative direction. Developmental Stage| Social Setting| Summary| Infancy| Family| Trust vs. Mistrust – Whether children come to trust or mistrust themselves and other people depends on their early experiences. If a child is cuddled and fondled, the child develops a sense of the world being safe and dependable place. On the other side, if a child’s life is chaotic and unpredictable, the child would approach the world with fear and suspicion. | Early Childhood| Family| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – This stage determines if they are able to assert their wills or not. Cooperative and patient parents create a sense of independence and competence. | 4th to 5th Year| Family| Initiative vs. Guilt – When a child is given freedom, the child develops personal initiative. But when the child is neglected, this forces the child to create a sense of themselves as a nuisance. | 6th Year to Puberty| Neighborhood; School| Industry vs. Inferiority – Children who are rewarded with recognition for their achievements gain a sense of industry. Those who rebuff or ignore children’s efforts are strengthening feelings of inferiority. | Adolescence| Peer groups and out-groups| Identity vs. Role Confusion – Adolescents try many roles as they grope with romantic involvement, vocational choice, and adult statuses, in the process, hey must develop a sense of self, a centered identity. If they fail this, they will become trapped in confusion. | Young Adulthood| Partners in friendship and sex| Intimacy vs. Isolation – Intimacy is the capacity to reach out and make contact with other people, to share with and care about another person. Isolation is the habit of withdrawal and isolation. | Adulthood| New family: work| Generativity vs. Stagnation – Stagnation is a condition where people are preoccupied with their material possessions or physical well-being. Generativity is basically selflessness and thinking about the welfare of society and future generations. | Old Age| Retirement and impending death| Ego Integrity vs. Despair – This is the stage where the person either feels the sensation of satisfaction of their life, or others reflect on their lives and feel despair. | Maslow’s theory is based on the humanistic theory of personal development, which means that he believes the PRESENT is the most important aspect of a person, the theory is based on reality, and suggests the ultimate goal of life is personal growth. Erikson’s theory is a psychosocial (emotional) theory and must go through a certain number of stages during their life to reach his or her full development. Maslow’s humanistic theory depends on the climbing of a psychological ladder of human needs, this climb builds a person’s identity thus developing their physical and social self. Erikson’s theory relies on the successfully resolution of each stage in order to reach a healthy, centered identity.

The Aramex Company Service Quality

The Aramex Company Service Quality Customer Satisfaction and Expectations Aramex Company is an international service provider whose service provisions are characterised by the pursuit of quality as an overall organizational goal. Therefore, an analysis of its services affords an understanding of the service quality, expectations of customers, and the quality gap quality gap model. The company is one of the case studies that are successful in service provision. However, the need to analyse and identify quality gaps based on the gaps model is vital in its pursuit of business goals.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Aramex Company Service Quality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on the Aramex Company case study, the management and sales executives handle customer complaints promptly once they are raised. They have good listening abilities and communicate effectively (Lovelock, 99). Sales agents make after sales follow-ups and continuously inform the customer on new changes in the product, creating customer value. Promises made by the company executives and sales agents are always true, thus inculcating a sense of customer satisfaction, confidence and always strive to provide customers with alternative services that targeted at meeting their needs and expectations. Customer satisfaction is a key component in their business operations. One such incident that illustrates the approach to the integration of the quality component in its services is discussed hereafter. A customer enquired at the sales and marketing department with one of the representatives, the Aramex Company representatives aggregated their efforts to attend to the customer complaint about the customer’s bag that had been misplaced. Shortly after, the customer was kept waiting for a few minutes before a satisfactory response was given to the customer. Every effort was made to track the bag that was eventually handed over to the customer, to the customer ’s satisfaction. Departmental employees exerted a synergistic pursuit in search of the lost item, to the satisfaction of the customer, and meeting customer expectations (Lovelock, 23). Lovelock argues that justice, and fairplay are fundamental elements to consider in service provision activities, with compensation plans integrated into the system in the event of failure to deliver products according to customer needs and expectations (24). Therefore, distributive justice formed an important asset in the administration of justice (Lovelock, 50). Performance enhancement plans are laid down by the company’s management which outline standards and expectations from employees in service provision, focused at customer satisfaction and expectations. The company incorporates employee education on the need for quality service provisions while closely monitoring their productivity in the service industry. Effective Communications across departments, vertically, and horizontally i s another aspect that drives the organization to its success (Lovelock, 40).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Highly trained and skilled personnel are assigned duties that require skilled manpower. These include employees like Mohammed who are well skilled in the provision of services. Customers remain a key asset in any business organization. It’s through customizers that an organization generates profits and sustains itself. Therefore, the company enhances its service deliveries by integrating customer friendly service deliveries such as talking with customers and providing incentives. In addition to that, the company provides factual information on what they offer and how they offer what they have. These inspire customer confidence and maintain customer loyalty. Lovelock notes that the company executives are well trained on appropriate marketing, manageme nt, and leadership skills (100). Based on the Gaps model, a close study and analysis of the case study indicates that Aramex Company has not integrated good communication plans between the internal market planning and service production in the context of external service production. Services provision remains a fundamental component of a service provider. Source: Journal of Service Marketing The model indicates the existence of a gap between customer expectations and perceived services. According to the case study, all the departments ought to identify the gaps that exist between them and close them in relation to the customer and the consumer. A good communication link should exist between the customer driven service designs and standards and company perceptions and consumer expectations (Burnett, 19).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Aramex Company Service Quality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the compa ny integrates these elements in the provision of services as outlined in both models, there will be a turnaround in service provision that could be of good quality leading to customer satisfaction and retention. These could in turn lead the company to improve its image leading to high profit generation and a sustainable business. The service quality model reflective of the Aramex Company is characterised by reliability, assurance, reliability, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness. Service delivery should be reliable to avoid a scenario of a customer making after sales requests for a service that should have been provided at the point of sale. In addition, customers should be assured of product and service delivery to inspire confidence in them, tangibles should be appropriately delivered by the sales representatives at the appropriate time, empathy should be the cornerstone in the business transactions of the organization, and responsiveness should be firmly integrated in day to d ay business transactions of the Company. Burnett, John J. Journal of Service Marketing. What Services Marketers Need to  Know about the Mobility- disabled consumer. Mcpup Ltd 10 (1996). Lovelock, Christopher. H. Services marketing. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991.

14th Century Italian Paintings of Religious Iconography Essay

14th Century Italian Paintings of Religious Iconography - Essay Example The essay "14th Century Italian Paintings of Religious Iconography" analyzes the Religious Iconography in 14th Century Italian Paintings. The work is tempera on a panel, and thus absorbs the grain of the panel in a way that contributes to the overall feel and texture of the piece and depiction. There appears to be an effort by the artist to create an ethnic look in the depictions, rather than the later works, especially those of the 16th century, which have a very â€Å"Italian† look about the subjects. The grain of the panel, itself aged with time, transfers that effect to the depiction. That the materials used are tempera as opposed to oil, does not take away from the artist’s ability to create the brilliance of the Assumption, however, it is noted that that brilliance is accomplished with the use of gold and yellow as opposed to the actual brilliance of light that can be achieved used oil on canvas. The color of the blues, yellow, and red against the gold, and the sk illed hand of the artist create panels that extraordinary to see. Close examination of the panel shows that there is some deterioration of the original work, especially in the image of Christ and one of the many angels looking over the ascending Virgin. Still, the grain of the panel itself adds an aged dimension, which probably cannot be accomplished using oil on canvas. Certainly the detail of the work is worthwhile too, in that it depicts the physical body of the Virgin receiving the traditional rites as suggested by Christian.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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APP5Hinton,N-Environmental - Essay Example Malaria, which is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium is transmitted through infected mosquito bites. The disease can be detrimental if it’s kept untreated till a stage that the blood supply to vital organs is disrupted (WHO, 2009). The World health Organization has released some alerting statistics with regard to the outspread of Malaria. Their reports estimate that on an average one child dies every second because of malaria. As per the records of 2006, there were 247 million cases of malaria of which one million accounted to death (WHO, 2009). The most of these cases were from the African lands. Another alarming reality is that almost half of the worlds’ population is at risk of malaria (WHO, 2009). Taking an account of the economic damage that the disease causes, it has been estimated that almost 1.3% slow down is caused in the economic growth of countries with high rates of malaria incurrence (WHO, 2009). Up to 40% of the total budget for public heath is With re gard to all these dangers, it becomes much important to control mosquitoes, which are the vectors of the disease (WHO, 2009). The role of DDT thus becomes of much relevance. The reasons that have been pointed out in favor of DDT being preferred over other 12 recommended insecticides are its longer residual efficacy, the spatial repellency and the irritant effect (WHO, 2007). Resultantly, rather than killing the mosquitoes, they are repelled to the outdoor surroundings (WHO, 2007) However, the use of DDT has been proved to have many long term health effects coupled with damages to the environment, wildlife and the ecology in totality. There are a number of scientifically relevant researches which have confirmed the irreversible damages caused by DDT. The hydrophobic nature of the chemical makes it strongly absorbed to the soil and the green environment. This can cause irreversible damage to the organic base and the structure of the

Tragic Hero And Tragic Flaw English Literature Essay

Tragic Hero And Tragic Flaw English Literature Essay W. Hamilton Fyfe in his book Aristotles Art of Poetry highlighted that Aristotle was the first critic of literature to view the dissimilarity between moral and visual condition. He is specific in his vision that they want of tragedy is to give delight, strange kind of pleasure which go with the release of feeling result through the stage performance of a tragedy. The human interest holds us. He also shares the feelings of people like Othello or Macbeth. These are all people like us, yet somehow, even in the two contemporary dramas, increase to a superior power. W .H. Fyfe also clear that they achieve to some extent more than human self-respect. And yet we fully distribute their feelings and share them more easily and exactly because the poet has disqualified all those conditions and thought which in real life perplex our feelings and reject our pleasure. W. H. Fyfe also clarify that Aristotles represent his emotion in dramatic form and, as we share it, it becomes our own. If the trag edy has its way with us, our secreted emotion and perhaps also the physical discharge of tears is released, and when the storm of thrill settle, we are left with a sense of pleasurable relief. We have the same sense of worried, tensions determined in pleasurable relief when we are upset with our problems we sit down to watch some movies or starts reading books or listen to the music which gave us soothing effect. In the same way W. H. Fyfe also said that great poem or a great picture both stimulate and relieves our emotions. According to him Athenian tragedy combined all these demand poetry, music, pictorial expression; it carried the yet stronger and more popular demand of a thrilling story and presents in the great open-air theatre of Dionysus the strengthening group of people. It was really a bold step. People who avoid their panic by reading careless accounts of football and racing, adultery and murder, might better their health by means of this safer and much more pleasing form of relief. It still exists; and great works of art come so hardly ever within our reach that there is no danger in indulging in such activity to get pleasure. This is all about the W. H. Fyfe point of view about the emotional effect of tragedy. In one of the term paper named Tragic Hero (www.planetpaper.com). He said that Aristotle described a tragic hero as being a person who, through a flaw, in their own character, is brought from a high position and learns to see clearly before their own destruction. In the Theban play. King Oedipus, Oedipus is considered to be a tragic hero after his mother and father try to cheat fate, then later when Oedipus discovered his own fate, he tried to cheat his fate so here I may say that it was his own free will also only in truth ending up where fate had designed. Another Theban play, Antigone, also written by Sophocles includes Oedipus daughter, Antigone, as the tragic hero when she dies for what she believes in. A main character of any tragedy play can be a tragic hero due to his own error of judgment or he may be the puppet in the hand of fate. Now in my first chapter of Analysis I want to high light some rules and regulation of tragedy and tragic hero given by Aristotle. Firstly I would like to talk about Aristotelian tragic hero. He emphasize that the tragic hero of any play should belong to reputed family and he must fall from propriety into misfortunate not due to any villainies character but due to his own error of judgment or due to his fate. To this point I want to give the example of Shakespearean Macbeth and Christopher Marlowes Dr. Faustus. These two character are the best example of Aristotelian tragic hero both the character belong to reputed family and their own error of judgment became the cause of their downfall. According to Aristotle: The hero of any tragedy ancient or modern must be one whom we regard as a fine fellow. He certainly need not be of good family or even in high station those requirements were peculiar to Greek drama. (Fyfe, W.H.1963:25) A.C Bradley in (1935) given a lecture on Hamlet, Othello, Kinglear and Macbeth. He said we see men and women self-assuredly arresting into the obtainable order of things in pursuance of their thoughts but what they accomplish is not what they designed, in fact it is awfully different what they thought. In Shakespearean play Othello is trapped in his own evil deeds which he designed for others. Hamlet react from the forceful duty of revenge is pushed into blood sin he never vision of and enforced at last on the revenge in actual he dont want to do this. Everywhere in the tragedy mans thought translated into action is changed into the opposite of itself. All the action which is mentioned above is due to their own flaw in their character. Yet, by itself it would hardly put forward the idea of fate but in actual it shows their own free will it shows man as, in some degree, however, slight the cause of his own downfall. Character itself contributes to the feelings of fatality which is not due to their fate but through their free will now here I want to give the example of King Macbeth because his down fall occurred due to his own ambitious nature and other example I want to give is about Dr Faustus whose downfall occurred due to his own free will. Some people thought fate in Shakespeare can be described as a moral order and its necessity as a moral essential. But in my point of view fate and free will are the two sides of a same coin. These thing brings into the light those aspects of the tragic fact which the idea of fate and free will throws into the shade leading to the argument, whatever may be said of accidents, circumstances and the like human action is after all presented to us as the central fact in tragedy and also as the main cause of the catastrophe. The moral necessity which so much impresses us is, after all, chiefly the necessary connection between actions and consequences for those actions we without even raising on the subject. The agents responsible and the tragedy would disappear from us if we did not. The central action is in greater or lesser degree, wrong or bad. The catastrophe is the main is the return of this action o the head of the agent. CHAPTER: 2 CHARACTER OF DR- FAUSTUS. In one of the term paper named Dr Faustus duality in doctor: values in Faustus (www.planetpapper.com). The researcher highlight that Christopher Marlowe the heroic Christian tragedy, Doctor Faustus, the central character, Dr. Faustus, fight back between subsequent God and Lucifer. Faustus, who is a mystery in himself, is competent of fabulous expressiveness and determined loss of sight. According to researcher Faustus refusal to see what is truth and what is fiction is a result of his self-important role. Dr Faustus in his mission to turn out to be supreme, Faustus not succeeds to see that there is life after death and that his bits and pieces belongings are of no significance. Researcher emphasize on that Faustus is a contributor in his own internal war of knowledge or salvation. Faustus inner chaos gives way to the main connotation within the play: He also highlights reflection of that era in his research medieval morals versus Renaissance ideals. Faustus upsetting end serves not o nly as a message to all but also gives justice to the age-old formula Marlowe characterization of Faustus leads one to the principal idea of duality in culture of his era in which Medieval values conflict with those of the Renaissance.   Marlowes Doctor Faustus is the first major Elizabethan tragedy and the first to see the sights of the tragic possibilities of the direct conflict of Renaissance compulsions with the Hebraic Christian tradition. Marlowe sinned, suffered regret and was damned. Faustus in thought and deed, threatening, philosophizing, disputing, artifice, defying God and risking all with a prosper does not put forward the lay character of moralities. Marlowe interpreted into the old medieval equation the new, unsolved and frighteningly vague lively of the renaissance, gave it a charm and a dignity never realized in previous treatments of the story, and made Faustus, rather than Hamlet, the first modern man. The play introduced the modern tragic theme of the alienated soul. Faustus is tragic because he known the problem as actual. Even as he claims the freedom of his soul, he hears the terrified echoes thundering in his ears like Macbeth Dr. Faustus is a man who of his own wide awake determination brings tragedy and suffering cashing down upon his head, the pitiful and fearful victim of his own ambitious and desires. The satire with which Marlowe usually invests the downfall of his Protagonists is an irony based on these reasonable concepts of sin and damnation, and vividly expressed in two major patterns of action: the monotonous pattern of ethical preference leading to the option of spiritual demolition, and the pattern of dissimilarity between Faustus grand imaginative designs and the real, stupid activities of his magical career. Marlowe devotes his first scene to a careful staging of Faustus decision to take up magic. One by one the fields of material education are rejected because their ends not satisfy his demand but notice what the demand is. He does not pursue knowledge for the sake of truth, but for power, for superhuman power, the power over life and death. We find Marlowes hero Faustus, he sold his soul to the Devil in order to gain super human power through knowledge by mastering the Un-Holey art of magic and thus he says to himself. J. C. Maxwell in (1947) (89-94) in his research of The Sin of Faustus. His purpose is to keep a due measure of attention directed upon that side of the theme is to recognize Faustus central act of sin for what it is. He said that his major sin on which his whole research revolve is Faustus pride and his curiosity. He said that pride is the ultimate source of Faustus fall and sensuality is pervasive element of his character after it. However, curiosity is most notably operative in the conduct of the action. Moreover, J. C. Maxwell said that it is largely owing to a failure to apprehend the nature as indeed the existence, of this sin that there has arise the misrepresentations of Marlowes purpose, which have seen in Faustus largely. J. C. Maxwell also said that to him the points arising out of this examination that seem to me important for understanding of the play are No insistence on the pervading and increasing sensualist of Faustus ought to difficult to understand the fact that he falls, like man and like Lucifer himself, through the spiritual sin of pride. J. C. Maxwell highlights pride, sensuality and curiosity as the major sin of Dr. Faustus. However, I somewhat disagree with this conclusion because his major sin was his over ambitious nature to gain the knowledge of the whole universe. J. C. Maxwell talks about curiosity but not in this manner, he says that Faustus is curious to get the pride. But in my point of view he is curious to gain the knowledge and ambitious to be the god. Kaitlyn Cavanaugh in (2008) wrote an article named Faustus as a tragic hero(www.writinghood.com) draw attention to many traits of Dr Faustus character and said There may be dissimilar or changeable ways of looking at assured characters and enlightening them as a certain type of character. In Christopher Marlowes play Doctor Faustus, the main character, Doctor Faustus, could be described and exposed as a tragic hero, similarly to other tragic characters, such as Sophocles Oedipus and Shakespeares Macbeth may also be described as such. There are different features and personality, which would make these characters be considered as tragic heroes rather than another type of character. In Marlowes play, the main character, Faustus, brings his own downfall by the end of the story. In his opening speech, Faustus tells and explains the audience and the readers that he made himself expert in law, medicine and divinity, but he wants to know more than what he knows and also know more about othe r things in short his intention was to become a god. This aspect of Faustus, his curiosity to learn and know more, may be thought of as part of the human condition and human nature and isnt something that is seen as wrong in our society. However, this aspect also blinds Faustus from a sense of reason and right from wrong. This in the end leads the main character of Doctor Faustus to make an agreement with the devil, which results in Faustus downfall. This aspect of Faustus character and personality is similar to Oedipus, in Sophocles Oedipus Rex. Oedipus pride blinds him from seeing truth, reason, as well as the difference from right and wrong, which leads to and results in the characters downfall and to the main character of Sophocles play, Oedipus, stabbing his eyes out. This feature will lead to the characteristic and fact that, by doing these mistakes or flaws, the tragic heroes are doomed from the beginning and the audience and readers know the fate of these characters is seale d. And for the tragic hero is just that, a tragic hero or tragic character, this type of character has to be doomed from the beginning of the play, but doesnt hold any responsibility for possessing his flaw or fault. This may be seen in Faustus. From the beginning of the play, from the time that he tells the audience and readers that he wants to acquire more knowledge and especially when he signs the, the audience and readers may that Faustus is doomed to have a less than perfect and happy ending. Much like Faustus, Oedipus fate is sealed when he refuses to see the truth, even when its standing right in front of him. Though these two tragic heroes may feel some sense of guilt about their actions, neither Faustus nor Oedipus seem feeling some sense of guilt or responsibility of their flaw. These aspects are a few attributes and features that characterize a tragic hero. Most of these attributes may be applied to Faustus. Throughout the article it is highlighted that the most prominent trait of Dr Faustus character was his ambitious nature which became the reason of his downfall. CHAPTER: 3 CHARACTER OF KING- MACBETH. In one of the term paper named Macbeth (www.planetpaper.com) the researcher highlights the main points of Macbeths character. He said in the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, he find out that Macbeth is a tragic hero. Macbeth is very ambitious, daring, and an ethically coward all these things lead to his tragic death at the end of the play. At the beginning of the play, Shakespeare characterizes Macbeth as a hero very evidently from the bravery in guard of Scotland is important in the opening scene. However, he is very ambitious to be king. And this thing height the negative trait in Macbeths character. In one of the research paper named Macbeth as a Tragedy According To Aristotles Definition.   (www.123helpme.com).Researcher highlights some of the characteristic of Macbeths personality. He first compares Macbeths character with qualities of tragic hero set by Greek philosopher Aristotle. Researcher highlight that the genre of some works of literature can be discuss, Macbeth written by William Shakespeare seems to fit into a ideal shape of Aristotles definition of a tragedy, unite seven elements that he believes make the type of a work a tragedy, is that pattern. Demonstrate all seven aspects; Macbeth fits the definition of tragedy specifically. According to him elements in the play verify the fact that Macbeth  is a serious story, the first elements of Aristotles definition. In spite of the outcome of the play, Macbeth was a good and great man, one of elements in the definition of tragedy. Macbeth was an admirable man whom held the position of the Thane of Glam and was victorio us in battle. This success helped him take escape of admiration from Duncan, very good deed attain by few. The most important detail that Macbeth is truly not just a good but a great man is the fact that at first, even though Lady Macbeth pleaded for him to kill Duncan, he refuse. Through Lady Macbeths scheming ways brought about by her hunger for power and position, he did certainly kill him and others though. Yet, this in itself if analyze prove he is a great man. Through tactical planning and cunning wits, he was able to murder, and briefly gets away with it. Yet, every great man must have a single flaw, which they give into, as declared in the definition of a tragedy. Macbeths flaw was ambition, brought about by Lady Macbeth and the witches. Through the imagery they created of him as a noble, bold and successful King, he let his ambitions get the best of him, which led to murder, deceit, cheating and eventually tragedy. The ambition in him was not at full smother until the witch es and his wife fully brought it out of him yet, it was a flaw, unlike a curable condition or problem, which he could not prevail over, not even by fate. The aspect of a flaw that the good or great man cannot overcome by fate is the fourth element in Aristotles adaptation of a tragedy. This research paper highlight all the traits of Macbeths character that in the start of the play Shakespeare portrays Macbeths character as a noble, kind hearted, victorious, and people and King Duncan praised him a lot. But later in the play we came to know his actual character that he is ill eared and easily get manipulated by witches and his wife lady Macbeth. Macbeth ambitious nature became the cause of his downfall or we can say that his tragic flaw is his own nature. Marilyn French in 1982 wrote a term paper named Macbeth and masculine values (pg no: 14-24) draw attention to many aspect of Macbeths character and said that there is an uncertainty about gender role in Macbeth. She said that Macbeth is brave, valors follower, courageous cousin and praise worthy men. Most of the praise comes from Duncan the king. In conclusion she said a tragedy she accept without object the decision that Macbeth is exterminate. Throughout the play, manhood is equated with the ability to kill. She also highlights the factor responsible in killing king Duncan is Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to do so. But I am not agree with the point of view of Marilyn because Macbeth himself is overambitious to gain the power and to achieve the kingdom as we have seen throughout the play Macbeth is committing sin after sin in order to gain the power. Now if Marilyn is making Lady Macbeth responsible for Macbeths down fall is not true because Lady Macbeth persuaded Macbeth once and that is to murder the king Duncan but not his son and not his friend Banquo so it is clear that Macbeth is to blame for his own dreadful mistake. In one of the research paper named The question of justice in Macbeth (www.123helpme.com) the researcher is emphasizing in the play Macbeth, many different choices are brought onward to a positive character and the result that is chosen affects the entire play. The researcher analyzed the results of these actions can be a positive or negative conclusion towards the character. As is represented in the play Macbeth, justice always prevails due to the guilty characters developing sense of regret or the character receiving fair punishment. This shows some traits of Macbeths character. To give clear idea of Macbeths character I again want to high light some of the points from one of the research named The personality of Macbeth(www.123helpme.com). In his research researcher highlight that Macbeth down fall is due to natural law in which person his own choice to select his path has. He also emphasize that Macbeth also has his own choice either he want to go with the prophecy of witches or to act as his wife want him to act so it is clear that it is totally depend upon his own will and his will is to became the king and want to attain the power. This thing clarifies that is ambition became the reason of his down fall. CHAPTER: 4 COMPARISION BETWEEN DR-FAUSTUS AND MACBETHS TRAGIC FLAW. Firstly we can consider the ways in which the play starts it explore the mystic in the opening scene of Macbeth and Dr Faustus. The mystical is a powerful theme that constantly appears throughout the opening scenes of Shakespeares Macbeth and Marlowes Dr Faustus. Continuously throughout the opening scenes the supernatural is used as a way to introduce suspense, horror and feeling of doubts in to the play and help in the awakening of the audiences thoughts.   In Macbeth the plan of the supernatural is introduced to the audience straight away, as Shakespeare opens the scene opens with three witches. During the time that Macbeth was written the idea and belief that witches truly survive would have been taken tremendously sincerely by Shakespeares audience as witches were thought to be real beings. Using witches in the opening scene automatically build an environment and let the audience to recognize that the play that they are about to watch is going to have a gloomy, perplexing and fear-provoking feeling to it, as witches are usually linked as wicked being. Shakespeare also uses pitiable misleading notion to generate the sense of the supernatural. Thunder and lightning, this mechanism is also used as a way to establish the ambience of the opening scene. Setting the scene early in the opening of the play allows the audience to become aware that the character of the opening scene is going to be fairly severe and sinister, which allow the audience to absorb themselves entirely in the play. The use of pitiable myth in the opening scene also enhances the idea that witches are evil beings as both the description of the weather and defined the ideas that Shakespeares audience would have had about witches portray extremely negative association. In dissimilarity to Shakespeares Macbeth, Marlowe uses the idea of the supernatural in the opening scene of Dr Faustus in a much more positive way. In the opening scene Marlowe uses his own thought to introduce the views of the play Dr Faustus. This is all about the comparison and contrast of the start of both the plays. The starting scene of both the play to some extent is similar and that is they started with the super natural character. There is one more similarity in the opening of the play that both the writers portray their main character as a noble person belongs to good family kind hearted. This is all about the play. Now I want to drag your attention to the similarities and dissimilarities in Macbeths and Dr Faustus characters. In one of the essay named Dr Faustus VS Macbeth (www.exampleessay.com) the essayist highlights the some of the similarities of both the character. In many ways, Macbeth and Dr. Faustus follow the same sequence as their characters poor preference cause them to distortion downfall which they never thought. The universal truth of the Faust Theme is obvious in Macbeth. It can be seen through his decisions all over the play. These decisions are what cause his succession from an honorable man in the beginning to an evil cruel king in the end. Macbeth and Dr. Faustus are very much alike. In the plays they both sold their soul to the devil to attain the knowledge and power. Macbeth didnt literally sell his soul to the devil as Faustus did, but he also get under the influence of evil character that r witches. This is all about the similarities and dissimilarities of both the character. Now come to the main point that what is the tragic flaw in both the character? In my opinion the tragic flaw of both the characters is their own ambitious nature. They both are very ambitious to attain power and knowledge but to be ambitious is not a wrong thing but to attain their ambition they uses false path or in short I want to say they became blind to achieve their ambition now this is their tragic flaw. To justify my point I want highlight some researcher point of view. In one of the essay named Vaulting ambition and downfall(www.directessay.com) the essayist emphasizes on the reason of Macbeths downfall is his vaulting ambition, though it is what bring him power but is also the same which lead him to his down fall. According to essayist vaulting ambition is Macbeths only flaw. Essayist also highlight positive side of his ambition that through his ambitious nature he won my battles because at that time his only ambition is to praise by people but later on in the play his ambitious nature portray by Shakespeare in a darker way that his lust to achieve power and to became the king of Scotland moved his positive ambitious nature into a negative way and he commit sin after sin to achieve his ambition. This became his tragic flaw. W.W. Greg in (1946) (71-88) research Reason of Damnation of Faustus. He highlights many reasons due to which Faustus was damned. First in his research, he said that Valdes and Cornelius are the reason of Faustus Downfall they attract Faustus towards magic in a way they want to do evil deeds from the back of Faustus and they do not want to be punish their self in the end. In addition, the second reason which WW. Greg highlight in research is the pact, which Faustus signs with the Devil, which became the reason for his damnation. But I am not agree with his reason because these all things come afterward in my point of view the main reason of his damnation is his over ambitiousness nature because Faustus himself was very much curious to gain the knowledge of magic. W.W. Greg in his research uses the word of ambition but not in a negative manner. He said that Faustus ambition was positive to learn as he want to serve the people in a positive way but I again disagree with his point of vie w that if he was positive he will never try evil deeds. I believe that from the very first part of the play he is over ambitious because we can clearly see that how much he is thirsty for knowledge and this thing lead him to his downfall. Here we can easily compare both Macbeth and Dr Faustus character flaw is their over ambitious nature which became the reason of their own downfall. So it is clear that Shakespearean Macbeth and Christopher Marlows Dr-Faustus share same personality traits both are noble in start there ambition were positive in the start of the play as Faustus want to earn education of magic to help people to help his country in security reasons but when he achieve that knowledge his ambition change in to negative he start teasing people in order to help them. In the end he became totally self-centered and to achieve his ambition he sold his sole to devil. So it is cleared that ambitious nature of both the character became there tragic flaw and they were damned in the end which is totally their own choice they selected their deaths by their own free will. CONCLUSION: Many researcher highlighted different reason of tragic flaw in Shakespearean Macbeth and Marlows Dr Faustus some are as follows. W.W. Greg in (1946) (71-88) research Reason of Damnation of Faustus. He highlights many reasons due to which Faustus was damned. First in his research, he said that Valdes and Cornelius are the reason of Faustus Downfall they attract Faustus towards magic in a way they want to do evil deeds from the back of Faustus and they do not want to be punish their self in the end. In addition, the second reason which WW. Greg highlight in research is the pact, which Faustus signs with the Devil, which became the reason for his damnation. J. C. Maxwell in (1947) (89-94) in his research of The Sin of Faustus. His purpose is to keep a due measure of attention directed upon that side of the theme is to recognize Faustus central act of sin for what it is. He said that his major sin on which his whole research revolve is Faustus pride and his curiosity. He said that pride is the ultimate source of Faustus fall and sensuality is pervasive element of his character after it. Marilyn French in 1982 wrote a term paper named Macbeth and masculine values (pg no: 14-24) draw attention to many aspect of Macbeths character and said that there is an uncertainty about gender role in Macbeth. She said that Macbeth is brave, valors follower, courageous cousin and praise worthy men. Most of the praise comes from Duncan the king. In conclusion she said a tragedy she accept without object the decision that Macbeth is exterminate. Throughout the play, manhood is equated with the ability to kill. She also highlights the factor responsible in killing king Duncan is Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to do so. But on the bases of this analysis the result what results comes out is that the tragic flaw of both the character is their own ambitious nature although whoever motivate them to commit sin but at end it was their own decision.

The Pros and Cons of Americas Superpower Status :: Politics Political Essays

The Pros and Cons of America's Superpower Status While reading Rourke, I found that the most interesting, debatable, and insightful issue from Rourke was Issue #3. "SHOULD AMERICA ABANDON ITS SUPERPOWER STATUS?" This is presented by Doug Bandow and Anthony Lake, in which Bandow takes the affirmative side of the issue and Lake the opposing stance. To fully explain this issue, I will not only look at the authors, but their stances on the issues, how their stances fit into the World System, Hegemons, and basic Perceptions. I will then go into the future looking at such items, as well as some thoughts of my own. Basically, I will show that a simple 'yes' or 'no' question is much more complicated and in-depth than one might think. So, with no further ado, let's get Rourking! I will first look at the 'Yes' [America should step down as a superpower] answer to our question, as presented by Doug Bandow. He presents a situation where America is the "Big Protector" and the source for assistance (in many situations) throughout the world. But, in a time when there is no war, no Cold War, and no need for a U.S. policeman, why should we continue on this path? Bandow wants us to bring our troops home who are on foreign soil, change our 'worldly' ways and concentrate on America. Sure, there may be people in the world who need our help, but there are people right here in America who need that same help. He wants us to step down as a superpower. This does not mean to become Isolationist, but certainly more self-centered. His situation is one where you are not a superpower, but just a (non-influential) power: a partner in the world and not its savior. With that said, we will move on to Anthony Lake. Lake is quite different from Bandow because Lake is a current Clinton administrator who gave a speech to the press and Bandow is a former Reagan administrator who wrote for a foreign research institute. [Bandow writes with educated intent; Lake writes/speaks to confirm current foreign policy.] Lake's speech does not dive deep into its own theory: Not to step down as a superpower. Lake presents a situation of America being one of two things. The first of which is an Isolationist country, which keeps to itself. This, of course, is not good because it leaves no room for trade, world relations, a prosperous America, or an up-beat Global Political Economy.

Quality Control of Car Seat

To All Valued Customers: Tchou Tchou is fully committed to serving the product needs of infants and children.   As such, we want to address a recent market development of our infant car seat model number: 0907-888-TTICS. As you may know, Tchou Tchou has issued a voluntary product recall of all infant car seat purchased in the last three months. In the wake of this development, we are offering to replace your newly purchased infant car seat with one of our earlier model at no extra cost on your part. To ensure the safety of your children, we would like to request you to either return the infant car seat at the store where you purchase the product or email us at [email  protected] and we would be glad to arrange for a pickup. We recognize the inconvenience this causes you.   However, this action reflects Tchou Tchou’s commitment to high quality standards and ensuring that our products fully meet your expectations. Please know we are working hard to provide you with the high-quality products and customer service you have come to expect from Tchou Tchou.   If you have any questions, please contact our toll free 24/7 customer service hotline at 1-800-82468. Sincerely, (Your Name) Manager, Sales and Marketing Analyst Date:   January 4, 2008 To :   Fred Lucas, Manager, Manufacturing Department From:   (Your Name), Manager, Sales and Marketing Analyst Subject:   Quality Control of Car Seat Model Number: 0907-888-TTICS English Language Training Due to the recent complaint that we have received from our client with regards to the tiny fragment of glass in the upholstery of the infant car seat, we have voluntarily recalled the products that were purchased within the past three months.   This step was undertaken to give us the opportunity to thoroughly check the quality of our recalled product. Although our overhead cost would be greatly affected we would like your department to replace the upholsteries of all the recalled infant car seats.   In addition to the quality control inspection that we have been doing prior to the release of all our products, our engineering department will also perform a thorough check on all the machineries and equipments that are being used in the production of all our products. We appreciate the suggestion made by some employees to improve the workplace in your department.   The management officers have considered their suggestion and have recently made an arrangement with a language instructor who could provide a program that would facilitate ease of communication and learning of a second language among employees in the department.   The in-house language instructor will visit your department tomorrow and will present the program to you and your staff. Please keep me posted on any development.   Thank you very much. Hi Ms. Kathy, I have recently written a letter addressed to all our customers who have purchased the infant car seat model number: 0907-888-TTICS.   I have informed them about the company’s decision to recall the product and our willingness to replace the infant car seat with one of our earlier model at no extra cost on their part.   This is in line with our commitment to provide them with the best quality products which our company has been noted for. I have also written the manufacturing department and asked them to replace all the upholsteries of the recalled infant car seat.   The engineering department will likewise conduct a thorough inspection on all the machineries and equipment in the production area to ensure that none of the fragment of glasses came from our production area.   Furthermore, the language instructor will be coordinating with Fred Lucas in line with the in-house language program that will be provided to the employees. Although the complaint of one customer is an isolated case, the company’s overhead expense will be greatly affected as a result of the product recall.   However, the reputation of Tchou Tchou and our customers’ satisfaction is our foremost concern.   This may be the first time that we have recalled a product in our six years of existence but given the time, the public will be fully aware that we have been at par with our product standard. Please be assured that I will use my skills and expertise in projecting the good image of the company and to make the public aware that this problem did not arise from our company. I will keep you posted on any development. Sincerely, (Your First Name)   

Immune System and Page Ref

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Short Answer Figure 12. 1 Using Figure 12. 1, identify the following: 1) A lymph capillary is indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 2) A lymph node is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 3) The lymph duct is indicated by lettter __________. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 4) Blood capillaries are indicated by letter __________. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 5) Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 1 Figure 12. Using Figure 12. 2, identify the following: 6) The spleen is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 7) The tonsils are indicated by letter __________. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 8) The thymus gland is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 9) The Peyer's patches are indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 10) The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 2 11) The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by letter __________.Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:12) Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the _________ _. Answer: blood plasma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-40413) Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called __________. Answer: edema Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40314) The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called __________ that divide the node into compartments. Answer: trabeculae Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40615) Lymph exits the lymph node via the __________ vessels. Answer: efferent lymphatic Diff: 2Page Ref: 40616) The role of the __________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn -out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. Answer: spleen Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40717) Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that p rotect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________. Answer: MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40818) Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called __________. Answer: pathogens Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40919) The process by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an area experiencing acute inflammation is called __________. Answer: chemotaxis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41120) The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls is called __________. Answer: diapedesis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 412 321) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surf ace is called __________. Answer: complement fixation Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41322) One effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become sticky so that they are easier to phagocytize is called __________.Answer: opsonization Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41323) C ells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called __________. Answer: self-antigens (autoantigens) Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41624) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called __________. Answer: haptens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41625) When an antigen binds to B cell surface receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes __________. Answer: clonal selection Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41826) When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, we exhibit __________. Answer: active immunity Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42027) Antibodies constitute an important part of blood proteins and are also referred to as __________. Answer: immunoglobulins Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42128) The five major immunoglobulin classes are __________. Answer: IgM, IgA, IdD, IgG, IgE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42229) The binding of antibodies to specific sit es on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called __________. Answer: neutralization Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42430) The clumping of foreign cells, a type of antigen-antibody reaction, is called __________.Answer: agglutination Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42431) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________. Answer: cytotoxic T cells Diff: 3 Page Ref: 425 432) Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless are called __________. Answer: allergens or hypersensitivities Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43033) Systemic (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called __________.Answer: anaphylactic shock Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43034) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __________. Answer: helper T cells Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43135) A tr opical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________. Answer: elephantiasis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431Multiple Choice1) The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called: A) arterial blood B) venous blood C) plasma D) interstitial fluid E) lymph Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 403-4042) Lymph flows: A) in a circular pattern within the tissues B) away from the heart only C) toward the heart only D) both toward and away from the heart E) into the capillaries Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4043) Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the: A) inferior vena cava B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) left subclavian artery E) aorta Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 404; 406 54) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return: A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4045) Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes: A) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid B) they have valves similar to those found in veins C) they contain lymphocytes D) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels E) they contain macrophages Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 405-4066) Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver: A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 ) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat: A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) thymus gland Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4088) Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils D) appendix E) Peyer's patches Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 69) The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the: A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40810) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyer's patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40811) Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity: A) spleen B) Peyer's patches C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) axillary lymph nodes Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40712) Musoca-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils only D) tonsils and Peyer's patches E) tonsils and spleen Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40813) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease -causing microorganisms is: A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409 714) Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is: A) faster B) slower C) the same speed D) sometimes faster and sometimes slower E) not comparable in speed Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40915) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses: A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-41516) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary wall s during the inflammatory process is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41217) Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indic ators of the inflammatory response: A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) fever E) pain Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 410-41218) The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed ar ea along a chemical gradient is called: A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) immunity D) perforins E) complement fixationAnswer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411 819) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT: A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411-41220) Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. A) histamine B) interferon C) kinins D) interleukins E) pyrogens Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 413; 41521) The body's temperature-regulating â€Å"thermostat† that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the: A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41522) Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT: A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells D) stimulating complement fixation E) speeding up repair processes Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41523) The study of immunity is called: A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415 924) Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen: A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41625) Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immunity: A) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious disease B) scientists of the 1800s discovered â€Å"factors† now called antibodies C) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune serum could protect another animal from diseaseD) scient ists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of AIDS E) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41526) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be: A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41627) The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by: A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41728) Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages: A) they are considered the â€Å"big eate rs† of the immune system B) they engulf foreign particles C) they circulate continuously throughout the body D) they act as antigen presenters E) they secrete monokines Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 1029) B cells develop immunocompetence in the: A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41730) The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42031) What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) naturally acquired artificial immunity Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42032) Vaccines are NOT for: A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42033) Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A) tuberculosis B) rabies C) snake bites D) botulism E) tetanus Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 421 1134) Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure: A) they consist of four amino acid chains B) they are linked together by disulfide bonds C) the heavy chains are identicalD) the heavy chains are about 400 amino acids long E) the light chains are often of differing lengths Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 421-42235) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies: A) they are the same or nearly the same B) they form the â€Å"stem† of an antibody C) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4223 6) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes: A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42237) IgA: A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42338) Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigen s: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 423-424 1239) The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-42340) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) co mplement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42441) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of: A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42542) An isograft is a tissue graft donated by: A) an unrelated person B) a parent C) a different animal species D) the same person E) an identical twin Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42743) Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft: A) corticosteroids B) radiation C) antiproliferative drugs D) gamma globulin E) immunosuppressive drugs Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429 1344) With immediate hypersensitivy, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-42345) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin co ntact with poison ivy would normally lead to: A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43146) The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called: A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) myasthenia gravis D) glomerulonephritis E) systemic lupus erythematosis Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42947) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease: A) AIDS B) multiple sclerosisÃ'‚C) Graves' disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429True/False1) The flaplike minivalves of the lymph capillaries act like one -way swinging doors that allow lymph fluid to enter the lymph capillaries but not exit. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4042) The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 143) Lymph in the ri ght arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4044) The thymus gland, found around the trachea, programs certain lymphocytes. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4085) The tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and Peyer's patches are referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4086) Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells well before the immune system i s activated. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4107) Some pathologists consider limitation of joint movement to be an additional fifth cardinal sign of inflammation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4128) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4129) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer: TRUE Diff : 1 Page Ref: 41310) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41511) Fever is a systemic response triggered by pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41512) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41613) Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 1514) Extremely weakened pathogens that are still alive are attenuated. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42015) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when o ne receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42116) Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42117) There are three major immunoglobulin classes: IgM, IgA , and IgD. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42218) The antibody a mo ther passes to her fetus is IgM. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42319) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42420) Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42721) An antibody is a substance capable of provoking an immune response. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41622) Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42723) Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42724) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43025) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses its ability to tolerate self antigens while still recognizing and attaching foreign antigens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 1626) Our immune system can be affected by severe stress. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435 Matchi ng Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue:1) Located on the left side of the A) thymus gland abdominal cavity Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 B) spleen2) Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 C) Peyer's patches D) tonsils3) Located overlying the heart Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4084) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-4085) Located in the wall of the small intestines Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4086) Located in the pharynx (throat) Diff: 1 1) B Page Ref: 408 2) D 3) A 4) B 17 5) C 6) D Match the following protective mechanism with its associated element:7) Traps microorganisms in A) nasal hairs respiratory and digestive tracts Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 B) mucus C) acid mantle8) Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 E) keratin ) Contains lysozyme Diff: 2 D) lacrimal secretions F) cilia Page Ref: 409 G) gastric juice10) Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40911) Filters and traps microorganisms within inhaled air Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40912) Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digested enzymes that destroy pathogens within the stomach Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40913) Propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages Diff: 1 7) B 13) F Page Ref: 409 8) C 9) D 10) E 18 11) A 12) G Match the following biological function with its antibody class:14) Believed to be cell surface A) IgD receptor of immunocompetent B cell Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 B) IgG C) IgA15) First immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 D) IgM E) IgE16) Main antibody of primary and secondary responses Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42317) Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42318) Triggers the release of histamine Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42319) Potent agglutinating agent D iff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42320) Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus Diff: 3 14) A 20) B Page Ref: 422-423 15) D 6) B 17) C 18) E 19) DEssay1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer: Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-404 192) Describe the methods the body uses to help return lymph to the heart.Answer: The return of lymph to the heart is aided by: 1. the milking action of the skeletal muscles, 2. pressure changes in the thorax during brea thing, 3. smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatics contract rhythmically. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 404-4053) Describ e several of the protective chemicals produced by the skin and mucous membranes. Answer: Skin produces acid secretions that inhibit bacterial growth, and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria. Vaginal secretions are highly acidic. The stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes, both of which can kill pathogens. Saliva and tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria. Mucus is a sticky mucous membrane secretion that traps microorganisms. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4094) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins. Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increa sed permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess f luid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 410-4125) List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense. Answer: 1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathoge ns that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-4116) Describe the four major types of transplant grafts. Answer: Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another within the same person. Isografts are tissue grafts harves ted from a genetically identical person (identical twin). Allografts are tissue grafts harvested from an unre lated person. Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from different animal species. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4277) Explain three current theories that attempt to explain why self-tolerance breaks down in autoimmune disorders.Answer: Inefficient lymphocyte programming is one theory that suggests self-reactive B or T cells escape to the rest of the body. Another theory is that self -proteins appear within the circulation that were not previously exposed to the immune system, thus initiating an immune response. These â€Å"hidden† antigens are found in sperm cells, the eye lens, and thyroid proteins. Another theory is that antibodies produced against fore ign antigens cross-react with self-antigens such as when streptococcal bacteria crossreact with heart antigens causing rheumatic fever. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 20